論文:The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications.Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452
カテゴリーI(単純な再利用)の例
(引用元:The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications. Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452)
カテゴリーII(画像の位置をずらして再利用)の例
(引用元:The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications. Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452)
カテゴリーIII(画像に変更を加えて再利用)の例
(引用元:The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications. Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452)
調査した論文数および、同定された画像再利用論文数の雑誌別まとめ
Journal Title
Publisher
Impact Factor 2013
Screened
Papers with ID
% ID
PLOS ONE
PLOS
3.53
8138
348
4.28
PLOS Pathogens
PLOS
8.06
406
9
2.22
PLOS Genetics
PLOS
8.17
362
4
1.10
PLOS Biology
PLOS
11.77
233
6
2.58
PLOS NTD
PLOS
4.49
317
17
5.36
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
ASM
4.23
595
11
1.85
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
ASM
3.95
292
8
2.74
mBio
ASM
6.88
175
3
1.71
Infection and Immunity
ASM
4.16
1070
30
2.80
Journal of Virology
ASM
4.65
421
11
2.61
International journal of cancer
Wiley
5.01
226
10
4.42
Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Wiley
5.20
199
1
0.50
Journal of Applied Microbiology
Wiley
2.39
200
3
1.50
Environmental Microbiology
Wiley
6.24
189
5
2.65
Microbiology and Immunology
Wiley
1.31
358
3
0.84
Letters in Applied Microbiology
Wiley
1.75
123
2
1.63
BioMed Research International
Hindawi
2.71
77
8
10.39
Evid Based Compl Alternat Med
Hindawi
2.18
96
10
10.42
BMC Microbiology
BMC
2.98
340
23
6.76
Genome Biology
BMC
10.47
105
1
0.95
Breast Cancer Research
BMC
5.88
403
20
4.96
BMC Cancer
BMC
3.32
145
8
5.52
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
Elsevier
2.57
115
3
2.61
Lung Cancer
Elsevier
3.74
317
11
3.47
Cytokine
Elsevier
2.87
464
28
6.03
Journal of Autoimmunity
Elsevier
7.02
150
6
4.00
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
Springer
3.81
230
8
3.48
Breast Cancer Res Treatment
Springer
4.20
206
12
5.83
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology
Springer
2.57
542
29
5.35
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
Springer
2.39
800
43
5.38
Growth Factors
Informa
3.09
166
10
6.02
Cancer Investigation
Informa
2.06
220
13
5.91
Leukemia & Lymphoma
Informa
2.61
404
13
3.22
International Journal of Oncology
Spandidos
2.77
89
11
12.36
Science
AAAS
31.48
681
9
1.32
Nature
Nature
42.35
750
12
1.60
Nature Oncogene
Nature
8.46
150
7
4.67
Cancer Cell
Cell Press
23.89
188
6
3.19
Journal of Cell Biology
RU Press
9.79
329
1
0.30
PNAS
NAS
9.81
350
19
5.43
合計20621
合計782
% ID 3.79
(引用元:The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications. Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452)
(引用元:The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications. Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452)
The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications.Elisabeth MBik, ArturoCasadevall, Ferric CFang bioRxiv doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/049452
Our image duplication project on bioRxiv (Posted on April 22, 2016 by eliesbik Microbiome Digest – Bik’s Picks A daily digest of scientific microbiome papers, by your Microbe Manager Elisabeth Bik, laboratory of David Relman, Stanford University – Twitter: @microbiomdigest)
運を3つに分ける考え方はしっくりきました。宝くじに当たったり、交通事故にあったり、病気になったりするのは「天運」であり、自分にはどうしようもないことなので、それよりも「人運」を上げることを心がけたほうがいいのでしょう。地運というのは、よく言う”in the right place at the right time”でしょうか。
le hasard ne favorise que les esprits préparés ー Louis Pasteur (引用元:ウィキペディア)
chance favors only prepared minds (グーグル翻訳)
幸運は、準備していた者にしか訪れない ー ルイ・パスツール
It was a matter of good luck to have been in the right place at the right time, trying to do the right thing, first alone, and then with the right students and collaborators. (クルト・ヴュートリッヒ 2002年ノーベル化学賞受賞 peerj.com)
Everybody in science works very, very hard, and everyone makes important contributions, and you’ve got to be lucky to make a contribution that also has a medical or clinical impact.
In some sense that’s the skill of choosing, and in another sense that’s the luck of being at the right place at the right time. I’ve always felt that I’ve been at the right place at the right time. (Arnold Levine がん抑制遺伝子p53の発見者 rockefeller.edu)
「今の研究テーマをデータベースで検索したら、ほとんどヒットしませんでした」と不安そうに訴えてくることも。ほとんどジョークのような話なのですが、本人は至って真剣。先人達が切り開いた道をなぞるのが「勉強」で、新しい道を切り開くのが「研究」だと言ってもすぐにはピンときてくれない。(【特別鼎談】博士後期課程から社会へ -三者の歩んだ奇跡ー Part 2 博士の選択)
実際にアカデミアで成功する人は”下克上を生き残る戦国武将” or ”金儲けの達人”といった過酷な競争を生き残れる能力者です。つまり、どこに研究の種があり、どのタイミングで飛びつくかを虎視眈々と狙っている感じ。…この才能には学歴はほとんど関係ありません。例えば、成功した起業家に学歴を問うのはナンセンスなのと同じです。(研究者としての適性 ぽろっ all or something)
The seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (イブン・アル=ハイサム, 965-1040. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alhazen)
強い意思を持って困難に当たるというような力の入ったことでは、遅かれ早かれいずれ力尽きる。むしろ、なによりも研究が好きで、客観的には大変な困難な道を歩いているように見えても、本人はそれを困難だと感じないというぐらいでなければ続かない。(研究者になるには Taka Matsubara, Nagoya Univ.)
そして自分が好きなこと(それに伴うつらいことが苦にならないくらい好きなこと)を見つけられれば、その結果成功しなくても気にならないし、でも、好きなのでどんどん努力するため成功の確率は上がると思います。(“Don’t be trapped by dogma”〜人生とは、生きる価値とは〜 山下 由起子 University of Michigan 全世界日本人研究者ネットワーク 留学体験記)
The Harvard Business Review recently published the results of a workplace survey on loneliness, and research scientists and engineers topped the list of most lonely employees (falling only behind lawyers as the loneliest profession). (biospace.com)
私も、ラボで誰かに会うことも話すこともなく1日が過ぎるような日々を送りました。
I, too, have spent entire days in lab without seeing or talking to a single person. (Lab loneliness: Coping with science research isolation MARCH 21, 2017 BY MELISSA GALINATO QUARTZY)
The entire educational and career structure is very centered on individual achievement. You don’t get a doctorate for a group effort; it represents an individual’s unique contribution to the scientific discipline. (20 May 2010 Are scientists lonely?)
“Let’s stop admiring them. … If you admire them, you can’t surpass them. We came here to surpass them, to reach the top. For one day, let’s throw away our admiration for them and just think about winning.” https://t.co/Y12PQ6EBHL
Reaching for the Stars, Across 4.37 Light-Years (New York Times, By DENNIS OVERBYE APRIL 12, 2016) :”Can you fly an iPhone to the stars? In an attempt to leapfrog the planets and vault into the interstellar age, a bevy of scientists and other luminaries from Silicon Valley and beyond, led by Yuri Milner, a Russian philanthropist and Internet entrepreneur, announced a plan on Tuesday to send a fleet of robot spacecraft no bigger than iPhones to Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system, 4.37 light-years away. If it all worked out — a cosmically big “if” that would occur decades and perhaps $10 billion from now — a rocket would deliver a “mother ship” carrying a thousand or so small probes to space. Once in orbit, the probes would unfold thin sails and then, propelled by powerful laser beams from Earth, set off one by one like a flock of migrating butterflies across the universe.”
Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking’s Breakthrough Starshot targets Alpha Centauri $128M initiative will seek Earth-like planet 40 trillion kilometres away (Thomson Reuters Posted: Apr 12, 2016 1:28 PM ET):”Billionaire internet investor Yuri Milner announced another $128 million ($100 million US) initiative on Tuesday to better understand the cosmos, this time by deploying thousands of tiny spacecraft to travel to our nearest neighboring star system and send back pictures. If successful, scientists could determine if Alpha Centauri, a star system about 40 trillion kilometres (25 trillion miles) away, contains an Earth-like planet capable of sustaining life.”
As a graduate student, it is wise for the principal investigator (PI) to choose the initial project, or at least play a major part in choosing the project. You simply don’t have the experience and judgment at this point to choose an interesting project with a significant chance of success. At a postdoctoral level, the decision is more conditional. If you are continuing in the field of your Ph.D. studies, you should be capable of choosing a good project. If it is a new field, however, your advisor will need to provide guidance as to what is feasible and interesting.
(How to succeed in science: a concise guide for young biomedical scientists. Part II: making discoveries. Jonathan W. Yewdell Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 Jun 1)
Choose a question that breaks new conceptural ground. Try to seek the answer to an open question, not merely to fill in some missing data in the literature. I frequently see papers where the rationale given by the authors for doing the research is that something “is not fully understood,” or that some fact is “not known.” (Stephen G. Lisberger, From Science to Citation)
Pavlov’s laboratory best illustrates the replication and extension approach. As a new student, you would have replicated the last dissertation conducted there. This tested your ability to follow a write-up, and motivated Pavlov’s senior students to work most carefully. Your dissertation would have been some logical extension of this preliminary work. You neither had to to survey the entire research literature nor wonder if the equipment could be constructed. The work had just been completed in your laboratory. Consequently, the duration and other costs of new research could be estimated well. (An Insider’s Guide to Choosing a Graduate Adviser and Research Projects in Laboratory Sciences by Marshall Lev Dermer)
日本では我慢とか忍耐の重要性が強調されますが、我慢して何かをしてもそれは良い人生にはつながらないと思います。我慢しなければ一生懸命実験できないよ うなら、それは単に自分が研究には向いてないという事だと思います。夜遅くまで実験するのは「楽しいから」であって、「いつかはこんなつらい状況を抜け出すため」ではありません。… そして自分が好きな こと(それに伴うつらいことが苦にならないくらい好きなこと)を見つけられれば、その結果成功しなくても気にならないし、でも、好きなのでどんどん努力するため成功の確率は上がると思います。(“Don’t be trapped by dogma”〜人生とは、生きる価値とは〜 山下 由起子 Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan / 全世界日本人研究者ネットワーク 留学体験記)
Make sure that you are genuinely interested in the question you choose so that it will continue to intrigue you through a period of several years. (Stephen G. Lisberger, From Science to Citation)
you need to “pick a problem that interests you. You will be living with it for a long time. Make sure it is something you will want to wrestle with even when the going gets rough. It has to make you want to get up early, work late, come in on the weekend, and think about it in the shower.” (How to choose a fruitful research project: advice from graduate students. Lee-Anne Huber, Alexandra Guselle.SURG;Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph Vol4,No1 (2010))
The thing that differentiates scientists is purely an artistic ability to discern what is a good idea, what is a beautiful idea, what is worth spending time on, and most importantly, what is a problem that is sufficiently interesting, yet sufficiently difficult, that it hasn’t yet been solved, but the time for solving it has come now. (Professor Savas Dimopoulos, a particle physicist at Stanford University)(引用元)
About 95 percent of the time, being able to move a person to your side of an issue comes down to how you make him (or help him) feel about himself. (Bob Burg, Adversaries into Allies)
Then the Sun came out and shone in all his glory upon the traveller, who soon found it too hot to walk with his cloak on. (Aesop, The Wind and the Sun)
You ought to profit from the experience of others in the lab. It is prudent to work on a topic in which your advisor is an expert so that s/he can help you solve problems. (Stephen G. Lisberger, From Science to Citation)
Drew Houston’s Commencement address (MIT News June 7, 2013):”I was going to say work on what you love, but that’s not really it. It’s so easy to convince yourself that you love what you’re doing — who wants to admit that they don’t? When I think about it, the happiest and most successful people I know don’t just love what they do, they’re obsessed with solving an important problem, something that matters to them. They remind me of a dog chasing a tennis ball: their eyes go a little crazy, the leash snaps and they go bounding off, plowing through whatever gets in the way.”