Over the 10 years since The Mosquito was launched, CSS have sold many many thousands of them worldwide and in 2017 it still continues to be the MOST effective and safe way to disperse groups of loitering teens from locations they are not welcome. (compoundsecurity.co.uk)
Dad-of-ten outraged after neighbour’s ‘ANTI-CHILD alarm’ leaves seven-year-old daughter ‘screaming in pain’ (Mirror ByTom BevanAnita Merritt 18:11, 16 JUL 2018) Single father Thomas Weldon, 52, says his kids are prisoners in their own home due to the controversial ‘mosquito’ device that only people under 25 can hear
Couple face £5,000 fine for installing anti-child noise repellant outside their home (The Telegraph By Helena Horton4:47PM GMT 09 Nov 2015) Michael Mitchell, 66, and his wife Kathryn, 52, were sick of noisy children playing outside their house – so they installed a repellant
Sonic youth: The high-pitched sound alarm for under 25s Is Mosquito, the high-pitched alarm only under-25s can hear, a blessing or a bane? Jamie Merrill sounds it out(INDEPENDENT Wednesday 19 June 2013 17:34 Jamie Merrill)
Couple who installed high-pitch ‘mosquito’ alarm to ward off racist teen vandals are now under investigation for noise nuisance (Mail Online By SUZANNAH HILLS, PUBLISHED: 10:08 BST, 18 June 2013 | UPDATED: 11:04 BST, 18 June 2013)
High-Pitched Device Drives Away Teens (CBS News April 23, 2008, 5:15 PM) The device, called the Mosquito, is audible only to teens and young adults and was installed outside the building to drive away loiterers. The gadget made its debut in the United States last year after infuriating civil liberties groups when it was first sold overseas. Already, almost 1,000 units have been sold in the U.S. and Canada, according to Daniel Santell, the North America importer of the device under the company name Kids Be Gone.
The sound that repels troublemakers (BBC 2006/4/4) It was named the ‘Mosquito’ because the sound resembles that of a buzzing insect. And it works by emitting a harmless ultra sonic tone that generally can only be heard by people aged 25 and under. In trials, it has proven that the longer someone is exposed to the sound, the more annoying it becomes.
先生にだけ聞こえない携帯呼び出し音
Vancouver teen creates ringtone app that only young people can hear; heads to Dragon’s Den (Vancouver Sun GILLIAN SHAW Updated: October 17, 2013)
A New Ring Tone Teachers Can’t Hear (CBS NEWS By LLOYD VRIES AP June 12, 2006, 8:10 AM) Students are using a new ring tone to receive messages in class — and many teachers can’t even hear the ring. Some students are downloading a ring tone off the Internet that is too high-pitched to be heard by most adults. With it, high schoolers can receive text message alerts on their cell phones without the teacher knowing.
A Ring Tone Meant to Fall on Deaf Ears (The New York Times, By Paul Vitello, June 12, 2006)
Harz & Hegemann 1991 Nature
Nagel et al., 2002
Nagel et al., 2003
Kato et al., 2012
Wieteck et al., 2014 Science with M. Elstner
Wietek et al., 2015 Scientific Rep (collaboration)
In conversation with Prof. Peter Hegemann. Institute of Molecular Cell & Systems Biology UofG YOUTUBE（音声のみ 44:54）2018/02/23 に公開 He spoke with us about how to be persistent in your research, and how to play the long game of building a career through the highs and lows of the scientific process. 研究生活、論文出版の悲喜こもごも、ホンネが語られていて興味深い。
カール・ダイセロス博士
カール・ダイセロス博士によるオプトジェネティクス概論
Karl Deisseroth (Stanford / HHMI): Development of Optogenetics
エド・ボイデン博士
エド・ボイデン博士(CV)によるオプトジェネティクスの概論
Ed Boyden on Optogenetics — selective brain stimulation with light
Han and Boyden 2007 PLoS ONE 2(3):e299
Chow, Han, et al., 2010. Nature 463:98-102
オプトジェネティクス研究の歴史 開発者によるレビュー論文
A history of optogenetics: the development of tools for controlling brain circuits with light Edward S. Boyden F1000 Biol Rep. 2011; 3: 11. Published online 2011 May 3
There’s only one problem with this story: It just may be that Zhuo-Hua Pan invented optogenetics first. Even many neuroscientists have never heard of Pan. Pan, 60, is a vision scientist at Wayne State University in Detroit who began his research career in his home country of China. (He may have invented one of neuroscience’s biggest advances. But you’ve never heard of him By ANNA VLASITS SEPTEMBER 1, 2016 STATNEWS)
Pan presented his work at a conference in 2005, a few months before Boyden and Deisseroth published their paper. But Pan struggled to get his work published in a journal until a year later. (The History of Optogenetics Revised Credit for the neuroscience technique has largely overlooked the researcher who first demonstrated the method. Sep 1, 2016 KERRY GRENS, TheScientist)
Ectopic expression of a microbial-type rhodopsin restores visual responses in mice with photoreceptor degeneration. Bi A, Cui J, Ma YP, Olshevskaya E, Pu M, Dizhoor AM, Pan ZH. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA. Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):23-33.
Optogenetics: Applications in psychiatric research Fukutoshi Shirai MSc Akiko Hayashi‐Takagi MD, PhD PCN Frontier Review First published: 24 February 2017
参考
Optogenetics (ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA WRITTEN BY: Karl Deisseroth LAST UPDATED: Sep 10, 2018)
2020年10月7日のノーベル財団の発表によりますと、2020年のノーベル化学賞が、Jennifer A. Doudna(ジェニファー・ダウドナ)、 Emmanuel Charpentier(エマニュエル・シャルパンティエ)の両氏に与えられることになりました。
Announcement of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Prize
祝☆ノーベル化学賞2020
ノーベル賞の枠は3人。CRISPR/Cas9の有用性は直ちに認識されて熾烈な特許戦争が勃発していたわけですが、Jennifer A. Doudna(ジェニファー・ダウドナ)、 Emmanuel Charpentier(エマニュエル・シャルパンティエ)の二人がノーベル賞3人枠の中に入ることは、誰の目にも明らかでした。ノーベル賞をもらって当然と言われてきましたが、それでも、実際に本当に授賞が決まるとこれほど嬉しいものなんだなあとこの映像を見ていて思いました。
First Day in a Nobel Life: Jennifer Doudna 2020/10/07 UC Berkeley
大阪大学微生物病研究所の研究グループが奇妙な繰り返し配列を大腸菌のゲノムで見つけ、石野 良純（いしの よしずみ)博士らが1987年に論文報告をしたのが、CRISPRが見出された最初の例です。この配列は、後の研究者によって、CRISPR、Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeatsと名付けられることになります。
Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A. (1987). Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J Bacteriol 169: 5429-5433. PDFリンク
FIG. 5. Comparison of direct-repeat sequences consisting of 61 base pairs in the 3′-end flanking region of iap. The 29 highly conserved nucleotides, which contain a dyad symmetry of 14 base pairs (underlined), are shown at the bottom. Homologous nucleotides found in at least two DNA segments are shown in boldface type. The second translational termination codon is boxed. The nucleotide numbers are in parentheses.
An unusual structure was found in the 3′-end flanking region of iap (Fig. 5). Five highly homologous sequences of 29 nucleotides were arranged as direct repeats with 32 nucleotides as spacing. The first sequence was included in the putative transcriptional termination site and had less homology than the others. Well-conserved nucleotide sequences containing a dyad symmetry, named REP sequences, have been found in E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium (28) and may act to stabilize mRNA (18). A dyad symmetry with 14 nucleotide pairs was also found in the middle of these sequences (underlining, Fig. 5), but no homology was found between these sequences and the REP sequence. So far, no sequence homologous to these has been found elsewhere in procaryotes, and the biological significance of these sequences is not known.
この論文では、「現在のところ、今回見つかった配列と相同性を示す配列は他の原核生物では見つかっていない。また、この配列の生物学的な意義は不明である（So far, no sequence homologous to these has been found elsewhere in procaryotes, and the biological significance of these sequences is not known）」と述べています。
Mojica, F.J.M., Dıez-Villasenor, C., Soria, E., and Juez, G. (2000). Biological significance of a family of regularly spaced repeats in the genomes of Archaea, Bacteria and mitochondria. Mol. Microbiol. 36, 244–246. HTMLリンク
The question emerges here as to whether the SRSRs have a common function in prokaryotes, or whether their presence is reminiscent of ancient sequences and their role diverged with evolution. The universality, phylogeny and biological significance of this peculiar family of repeats arises as an item to be elucidated. (Mojica eta l., 2000 結論のセクションより)
Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes. Jansen R, Embden JD, Gaastra W, Schouls LM. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Mar;43(6):1565-75. PDF link
To appreciate their characteri-stic structure, we will refer to this family as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). In most species with two or more CRISPR loci, these loci were flanked on one side by a common leader sequence of 300-500 b. （中略）Four CRISPR-associated (cas) genes were identified in CRISPR-containing prokaryotes that were absent from CRISPR-negative prokaryotes. The cas genes were invariably located adjacent to a CRISPR locus, indicating that the cas genes and CRISPR loci have a functional relationship. The cas3 gene showed motifs characteristic for helicases of the superfamily 2, and the cas4 gene showed motifs of the RecB family of exonucleases, suggesting that these genes are involved in DNA metabolism or gene expression. （Jansen et al., Mol Microbiol. 2002 Mar;43(6):1565-75.の論文の要旨から一部抜粋)
The finding in this study that the CRISPR loci were strictly associated with a set of homologous genes, one of which has nucleic acid helicase motifs (the Cas3 homologues), one of which has exonuclease activity (the Cas4 homologues) and one of which has a high pI (the CasI homologues), as is often found for DNA-binding proteins, may be suggestive of a role for the Cas proteins in the genesis of CRISPR loci. (Jansen et al., Mol Microbiol. 2002 Mar;43(6):1565-75.の論文の議論のセクションから抜粋)
CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies. C. Pourcel, G. Salvignol, G. Vergnaud. First Published Online: 01 March 2005, Microbiology 151: 653-663. HTML link
One possible explanation for that finding could be that CRISPRs are structures able to take up pieces of foreign DNA as part of a defence mechanism. In this view, it is tempting to further speculate that CRISPRs may represent a memory of past ‘genetic aggressions’. The fact that most of the spacers described in other bacteria have no homologue in the databases could still be explained by such a phage origin, as only a very small number of the existing bacteriophages have so far been sequenced. (Pourcel et al., Microbiology 151: 653-663. ディスカッションセクションより抜粋)
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Bolotin A, Quinquis B, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD. Microbiology. 2005 Aug;151(Pt 8):2551-61. HTML link
Here we report a correlation between the number of spacers in a locus and the resistance of S. thermophilus to phage infection, suggesting that CRISPRs can have a different biological role, protecting the bacteria against phage attack. (Bolotin et al., Microbiology 151(Pt 8):2551-61)
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P. Science 2007 Mar 23;315(5819):1709-12.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a distinctive feature of the genomes of most Bacteria and Archaea and are thought to be involved in resistance to bacteriophages. We found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences. Removal or addition of particular spacers modified the phage-resistance phenotype of the cell. Thus, CRISPR, together with associated cas genes, provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity. (Barrangou et al., 2007 要旨）
Cas9–crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria.Giedrius Gasiunas, Rodolphe Barrangou, Philippe Horvath, and Virginijus Siksnys. PNAS September 25, 2012 109 (39) E2579-E2586; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208507109
Here, we demonstrate that the Cas9–crRNA complex of the Streptococcus thermophilusCRISPR3/Cas system introduces in vitro a double-strand break at a specific site in DNA containing a sequence complementary to crRNA. DNA cleavage is executed by Cas9, which uses two distinct active sites, RuvC and HNH, to generate site-specific nicks on opposite DNA strands. Results demonstrate that the Cas9–crRNA complex functions as an RNA-guided endonuclease with RNA-directed target sequence recognition and protein-mediated DNA cleavage. （要旨より一部抜粋）
A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.
Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21.
We propose an alternative methodology based on RNA-programmed Cas9 that could offer considerable potential for gene-targeting and genome-editing applications. (Jinek et al., 2012)
George Church博士やFeng Zhang博士の研究グループにより、CRISPR/Cas9システムが真核生物においても働くことが示され、ゲノム編集ツールとして人間を含めた全ての真核生物に応用する道が開かれました。
RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9. Prashant Mali, Luhan Yang, Kevin M. Esvelt, John Aach, Marc Guell, James E. DiCarlo, Julie E. Norville, George M. Church. Science 15 Feb 2013; Vol. 339, Issue 6121, pp. 823-826
The fully defined nature of this two-component system suggested that it might function in the cells of eukaryotic organisms such as yeast, plants, and even mammals. By cleaving genomic sequences targeted by RNA sequences (4–6), such a system could greatly enhance the ease of genome engineering. (Mali et al., 2013 のイントロダクションより。太字強調は当サイト）
Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Le Cong, F. Ann Ran, David Cox, Shuailiang Lin, Robert Barretto, Naomi Habib, Patrick D. Hsu, Xuebing Wu, Wenyan Jiang, Luciano A. Marraffini, Feng Zhang.Science 15 Feb 2013:Vol. 339, Issue 6121, pp. 819-823
KS Community Lecture: Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas Systems
フェン・ジャン（Feng Zhang）博士による解説
Development and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering. Patrick D.Hsu, Eric S.Lander, Feng Zhang. Cell Volume 157, Issue 6, 5 June 2014, Pages 1262-1278 HTML link
Zhang studied chemistry and physics at Harvard and graduated with the highest honors. He then headed to Stanford University for his doctoral work, where he joined the newly formed lab of Karl Deisseroth, who had just begun to develop optogenetics as a method for manipulating brain activity. Over the next five years, Zhang played a central role in making optogenetics a reality.
In 2009, after earning a PhD in chemistry, Zhang switched his focus to genome editing. That same year, he received a prestigious three-year Harvard Junior Fellowship, during which he worked in the laboratories of two Harvard Medical School professors, Paola Arlotta and George Church. There, he helped develop a new method of gene editing through the adaptation of TAL effectors (TALEs), sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins found in plant pathogens that alter gene expression in plants.
Biology and Applications of CRISPR Systems: Harnessing Nature’s Toolbox for Genome Engineering. Addison V.Wright, James K.Nuñez, Jennifer A.Doudna. Cell Volume 164, Issues 1–2, 14 January 2016, Pages 29-44. PDF link
Jennifer Doudna: CRISPR Basics （2017 CRISPR Workshop YOUTUBE動画 Innovative Genomics Institute – IGI 2017/11/04）
gRNA: guide RNA (sgRNA (single-strand guide RNA, single guide RNA, short guide RNA)とも表記） 自然界では複合体を形成して働くcrRNAとtracrRNAを、ゲノム編集ツールとして利用しやすいよう、人工的にひと続きのRNAにしたもの。
Cascade: CRISPR-Associated Complex for Antiviral Defense (Brouns et al., 2008 Science) タンパク質からなる巨大な複合体で内部にCRISPR配列のRNA転写物があり、これを使って感染によるウイルスDNAと適合するものがいないか監視している。（参考：PDBｊ）
Cas9: Cascade 9 (もしくはCRISPR associated protein 9)(参考： Roy et al., 2018 Front Genet.）2018 Cas9は、II型CRISPR系に分類される。監視タンパク質と切断を実行する部分の両方が1本のタンパク質鎖の中に収められている。（参考：PDBｊ） cas9 (formerly named “cas5” or “csn1”) is the signature gene for type II systems (8)（出典：Gasiunas et al., 2012;PNAS 109(39)E2579-E2586）
一般読者向けCRISPR解説記事
CRISPR Part 1: A Brief History of CRISPR (TWIST BIOSCIENCE Dec 12, 2017)
Annotation and Classification of CRISPR-Cas Systems. Kira S. Makarova and Eugene V. Koonin. Methods Mol Biol. 2015; 1311: 47–75. PDF link
Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System. BerndZetsche, Jonathan S.Gootenberg, Omar O.Abudayyeh, Ian M.Slaymaker, Kira S.Makarova, PatrickEssletzbichler, Sara E.Volz, JuliaJoung, Johnvan der Oost, AvivRegev, Eugene V.Koonin, Feng Zhang. Cell
Volume 163, Issue 3, 22 October 2015, Pages 759-771. Here, we report characterization of Cpf1, a putative class 2 CRISPR effector. We demonstrate that Cpf1 mediates robust DNA interference with features distinct from Cas9. Cpf1 is a single RNA-guided endonuclease lacking tracrRNA, and it utilizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif. Moreover, Cpf1 cleaves DNA via a staggered DNA double-stranded break.
Expanding the catalog of cas genes with metagenomes. Quan Zhang, Thomas G. Doak, and Yuzhen Ye. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Feb; 42(4): 2448–2459.
Evolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems. Makarova et al., 2011. Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 9, pages 467–477（無料Abstract）
CRISPR/Cascade 9-Mediated Genome Editing-Challenges and Opportunities. Bhaskar Roy, Jing Zhao, Chao Yang, Wen Luo, Teng Xiong, Yong Li, Xiaodong Fang, Guanjun Gao, Chabungbam O. Singh, Lise Madsen, Yong Zhou, and Karsten Kristiansen. Front Genet. 2018; 9: 240.
Genome editing: A breakthrough in life science and medicine. Izuho Hatada and Takuro Horii. Endocrine Journal 63(2):105-110. (2016) PDFリンク
総説 ゲノムから見た最近の進化ーCRISPによる生存戦略ー 中川一路 Dental Medicine Research 33(3):236-241. (2013). PDFリンク
原著論文
数が多いため主要な論文のみ挙げています。
CRISPRの発見
Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, Nakata A. (1987). J Bacteriol 169: 5429-5433. PDFリンク
Unusual Nucleotide Arrangement with Repeated Sequences in the Escherichia coli K-12 Chromosome. ATSUO NAKATA,* MITSUKO AMEMURA, AND KOZO MAKINO. Department of Experimental Chemotherapy, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan 565. Received 19 December 1988/Accepted 13 March 1989 JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June 1989, Vol. 171, No. 6 p. 3553-3556 PDF link
Long stretches of short tandem repeats are present in the largest replicons of the Archaea Haloferax mediterranei and Haloferax volcanii and could be involved in replicon partitioning. F.J.M. Mojica C. Ferrer G. Juez F. Rodríguez‐Valera. molecular microbiology July 1995;17(1):85-93
Biological significance of a family of regularly spaced repeats in the genomes of Archaea, Bacteria and mitochondria. Mojica, F.J.M., Dıez-Villasenor, C., Soria, E., and Juez, G. (2000). Mol. Microbiol. 36, 244–246. PDFリンク
Casの発見
Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes. Jansen R, Embden JD, Gaastra W, Schouls LM. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Mar;43(6):1565-75. PDF link
CRISPRが働くメカニズム と生物学的な意義（細菌に備わる防御機構）
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P. Science 2007 Mar 23;315(5819):1709-12.
Cas9–crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria.Giedrius Gasiunas, Rodolphe Barrangou, Philippe Horvath, and Virginijus Siksnys. PNASSeptember 25, 2012; 109 (39) E2579-E2586
ゲノム編集技術としてのCRISPR
A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. Science 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):816-21.
Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems. Le Cong, F. Ann Ran, David Cox, Shuailiang Lin, Robert Barretto, Naomi Habib, Patrick D. Hsu, Xuebing Wu, Wenyan Jiang, Luciano A. Marraffini, Feng Zhang.Science 15 Feb 2013; Vol. 339, Issue 6121, pp. 819-823
CRISPRに関する最近の論文
C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector.
Omar O. Abudayyeh, Jonathan S. Gootenberg, Silvana Konermann, Julia Joung, Ian M. Slaymaker, David B.T. Cox, Sergey Shmakov, Kira S. Makarova, Ekaterina Semenova, Leonid Minakhin, Konstantin Severinov, Aviv Regev, Eric S. Lander, Eugene V. Koonin, Feng Zhang. Science 02 Jun 2016.
Direct CRISPR spacer acquisition from RNA by a natural reverse transcriptase–Cas1 fusion protein. Sukrit Silas, Georg Mohr, David J. Sidote, Laura M. Markham, Antonio Sanchez-Amat, Devaki Bhaya, Alan M. Lambowitz, Andrew Z. Fire. Science 26 Feb 2016;Vol. 351, Issue 6276
その他のCRISPR-CASに関する論文
Protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-distal sequences engage CRISPR Cas9 DNA target cleavage.
Cencic R, Miura H, Malina A, Robert F, Ethier S, Schmeing TM, Dostie J, Pelletier J. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 2;9(10):e109213.
参考
Genome damage from CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing higher than thought July 16, 2018, phys.org
Who Will Win the #ChemNobel? Predicting the 2018 Nobel Laureate(s) in Chemistry (American Chemical Society September 27, 2018 @ 2:00pm ET) Feed your frenzy as we once again host our annual predictions webinar that will tide you over until October 3. Join the editors at Chemical & Engineering News and a panel of special guests as they make their best guesses at who will claim chemistry’s big prize during an interactive free broadcast on September 27. Cast your own virtual vote and ask the panelists and hosts questions during a lively discussion of Nobel-worthy science.
世界的な科学情報企業であるクラリベイト・アナリティクス（本社：米国フィラデルフィア、日本オフィス：東京都港区、以下「クラリベイト」）は、2018年の「クラリベイト・アナリティクス引用栄誉賞」を発表致しました。 本賞は、学術論文の引用データ分析から、ノーベル賞クラスと目される研究者を選出し、その卓越した研究業績を讃える目的で発表されています。2002年より毎年9月の発表が恒例化されており、17回目となる本年は、日本人研究者1名を含む17名が受賞しました。日本からは、医学・生理学分野において1名が選出されました。京都大学化学研究所 特任教授 金久實氏は、「KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes）の開発を含むバイオインフォマティクスへの貢献 」において今回の受賞となりました。
医学・生理学 Napoleone Ferrara（米国） University of California, San Diego Minoru Kanehisa (日本) Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Solomon H. Snyder（米国） Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
物理学 David Awschalom（米国） University of Chicago, IL Arthur C. Gossard (米国) University of California, Santa Barbara Sandra M. Faber （米国） University of California, Santa Cruz Yury Gogotsi (米国) Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA Rodney S. Ruoff ( 韓国) IBS CMCM Center and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea Patrice Simon (フランス) Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
化学 Eric N. Jacobsen （米国） Harvard University, Cambridge, MA George M. Sheldrick (ドイツ) Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen JoAnne Stubbe （米国） MIT, Cambridge, MA
経済学 Manuel Arellano （スペイン） CEMFI, Madrid, Spain Stephen R. Bond （英国） Oxford University, UK Wesley M. Cohen （米国） Duke University, Durham, NC Daniel A. Levinthal（米国） University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia David M. Kreps（米国） Stanford University, Stanford, CA
2018 KAVLI PRIZE IN NANOSCIENCE
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters has decided to award the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for 2018 to Emmanuelle Charpentier（Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, GERMANY） Jennifer A. Doudna（University of California, Berkeley, USA） Virginijus Šikšnys（Vilnius University, Vilnius, LITHUANIA）
“for the invention of CRISPR-Cas9, a precise nanotool for editing DNA, causing a revolution in biology, agriculture, and medicine.”
2018年ノーベル生理学・医学賞を予想する③ 適応免疫に必須なリンパ球と器官の発見 (毛利 亮子 2018/09/26 15:00:00 Miraikan) オーストラリアの免疫学者、ジャック・ミラー（Jacques F. A. P. Miller）博士, アメリカ合衆国の免疫学者、マックス・クーパー（Max D. Cooper）博士
With prestigious prize, an overshadowed CRISPR researcher wins the spotlight (By Jon Cohen Jun. 4, 2018, 12:45 PM Science) Šikšnys first showed that the CRISPR-Cas9 system, a bacterial immune mechanism, could be transferred from one bacterium to another. He also independently made the same advance as Doudna and Charpentier: developing a way to steer the CRISPR-Cas9 complex to specific targets on a genome, which he called “directed DNA surgery.” … Doudna and Charpentier reported their findings in a landmark Science paper published online on 28 June 2012. But it took Šikšnys 5 months to publish his study; it was rejected by Cell and Cell Reports, and then moved slowly through editing at the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), which published it online on 25 September 2012.
When will CRISPR get a Nobel Prize? (PLOS Synbio Community Posted October 5, 2017 by Aaron Dy) Who gets a Nobel for CRISPR? I’ve already referenced the main players, but here’s a very-much-non-definitive list of people rumored to be up for a CRISPR Nobel (in alphabetical order): Emmanuelle Charpentier at Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin (fomerly Umeå University), George Church at Harvard University and Wyss Institute, Jennifer Doudna at University of California, Berkeley, Virginijus Šikšnys at Institute of Biotechnology in Lithuania, and Feng Zhang at Broad Institute and MIT.
Why didn’t the discoverers of CRISPR, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, win the Nobel Prize in Medicine? (Quora.com) It was a Dutch group, led by Ruud Jensen, in 2002 that first shed major light on what CRISPR actually is and does. They in fact were the ones who named CRISPR itself as well as the Cas and Cas-associated gene products, and once they had demonstrated that Cas was a selective endonuclease, its potential for recombinant application was quickly appreciated. And it was Yoshizumi Ishino’s group in Japan in the 1980’s that actually “discovered” CRISPRs in the sense of isolating them and their unusual character- palindromic repeats coupled with highly distinctive sequences. (Don Reston, former Biotechnology Specialist (Food and Soil Sciences) Answered Apr 7, 2017)
Nobel Laureate Yamanaka Names Three Japanese Candidates (By Staff Reporter October 6, 2016 at 8:48 am ZAIKEI NEWS) The first research mentioned by Prof. Yamanaka is on PD-1, research that is said to lead to the development of a new drug against cancer. Behind this research is a Kyoto University professor emeritus Tasuku Honjo. … Prof. Yamanaka then mentioned Prof. Yoshizumi Ishino of Kyushu University and Prof. emeritus Atsu Nakada to Osaka university on researches on Genome editing – a technology that could change the entire feature of life. He also quoted a dramatic cholesterol-reducing medication Statin and its discoverer Prof. Akira Endo of Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology. (Nathan Shiga)
（https://www.instagram.com/p/Bn4Lq97hMzm/ イタリア語→英語 グーグル翻訳）
My path to @missitalia ends with a beautiful third place and I could not be happier than that! To say it was a fantastic experience I think it was obvious, I did not expect all this satisfaction that, after all the effort, fatigue, fatigue I think is also normal behind yesterday’s live there is so much work and so many people and I feel like thanking each one of them. Hostesses, photographers, organizers, make-up artists, hairdressers, tailors, choreographers, (and so on and so forth) everyone who puts their own and everyone who undergo the stress that often this environment can bring but that, in the end, from many satisfactions. And then I can not but thank the other 32 finalists, I got to know characters, personalities, different stories that come from all parts of Italy and I am attached to each of them in a unique way. Despite everything there has always been a joyful atmosphere and, in the end, I can say that I really found myself in a second family. What can I say, I have waited so long to go home and now that it is approaching, now that is the time of greetings I grow a knot in my throat and yes, I will miss all this. I can say that I feel changed, I feel stronger, more confident. I have always said that “I hoped” that my message would reach as many people as possible, today, the day after the final, I feel really good about myself because I have really put it all, and all this is repaid by all the messages that I have received, from all the support (and I thank you so much because you have always given me one more reason not to throw me down), from all the people who greeted me saying “I will always carry you in the heart”. There is nothing that makes me happier, there is no more beautiful victory!
THANK YOU for letting me experience all this, it will always be one of the best memories to take with me.
Model who lost her leg in a moped accident when she was just 13 comes THIRD in Miss Italy finals – despite online trolls saying she was only in the competition because she’s ‘crippled’ (Mail Online By EMILY CHAN FOR MAIL ONLINE PUBLISHED: 15:44 BST, 18 September 2018 | UPDATED: 19:01 BST, 18 September 2018)
A Prosthetic Leg & Insults Didn’t Stop This Italian Teen From Being A Beauty Pageant Finalist ( KC Archana India Times Updated: September 19, 2018)
Handicap, Insults Don’t Deter This Italian Beauty From Being A Finalist Chiara Bordi, lost her leg in a bike accident when she was 13, was chosen as one of three finalists of Miss Italy 2018
(NDTV Updated: September 19, 2018 04:10 IST )
ミスイタリア2018の模様
Miss Italia 2018 La Finale 17-09-2018 19-20 Parte 1
Miss Italia 2018 – La Finale 17-09-2018 21-15 Parte 2. Vince Carlotta Maggiorana
Elon Musk unveils first tourist for SpaceX ‘Moon loop’ (BBC NEWS 18 September 2018) Elon Musk’s company SpaceX has unveiled the first private passenger it plans to fly around the Moon. Japanese billionaire and online fashion tycoon Yusaku Maezawa, 42, announced: “I choose to go to the Moon.” The mission is planned for 2023, and would be the first lunar journey by humans since 1972. But it is reliant on a rocket that has not been built yet, and Mr Musk cautioned: “It’s not 100% certain we can bring this to flight.”
電通の企業文化を体現する石井社長、社員過労死連発への責任感ゼロ…頑なに社内組織優先（山田修 2016.12.28 Business Journal）電通の東京本社などへの東京労働局の立ち入り調査が行われたのが、10月14日だった。さらに11月7日、厚生労働省が労働基準法違反の疑いで同本社や全国の支社に対して強制捜査に乗り出した。… 一連の捜査は、15年12月25日に飛び降り自殺をした電通新入社員・高橋まつりさん（享年24）の労災認定が、16年9月末に下りたことを契機とした。
電通、靴でビール飲み強制…「社員過労死」文化は20年以上前から、東京五輪の発注停止すべき (横山渉 2016.11.09 Business Journal) 新入社員だった高橋まつりさん（当時24歳）が昨年末に過労自死した電通では、3年前にも男性社員（当時30歳）が過労死している。そして、1991年8月にも、入社2年目の大嶋一郎さん（当時24歳）が長時間労働を苦に自死。2000年に最高裁判所が「過労死」と判断し、労災認定している。この「電通事件」は、同社の過酷な長時間労働を世に知らしめるきっかけとなった…
電通社員、「殺人的」長時間残業＆パワハラ蔓延を告発…入院者続出、部下を平手打ち Business Journal 2016.10.21
Berlin Marathon 2018 HD – Kipchoge WR (2:01:39) (begin at km 25)
Finishing the Berlin marathon in less than two hours and two minutes, Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge set the new world record and cut his own personal best by well over a minute. The 33-year-old had won twice before in Berlin. (Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge breaks world record at Berlin marathon DW Date 16.09.2018)
“When I go to Japan, people are confused. From my name, they don’t expect to see a black girl,” she revealed. (US Open 2018: Naomi Osaka, the new face of tennis, gears up for another battle against ‘biggest idol’ Serena Williams. Anuradha Santhanam Sep 07, 2018 17:54:15 IST FIRSTPOST)
大坂なおみ選手が、日本生まれのテニス選手として初めて4大大会で優勝した。ハイチ系アメリカ人を父に、日本人を母に持つ大坂選手が優勝したことで、日本の昔ながらの人種についての感覚や、文化的なアイデンティティのとらえ方が問われている。（大坂なおみ優勝で｢日本人｣の定義は変わるか The New York Times / 東洋経済ONLINE 2018/09/13 15:00）
Tamaki was already seeing someone — a foreigner who also happened to be black. Her father erupted in outrage, excoriating her for bringing disgrace on the family. The couple moved south to Osaka, where both Tamaki and Francois, whose Japanese was improving, found work. For more than a decade, Tamaki would have virtually no contact with her family. (Naomi Osaka’s Breakthrough Game By Brook Larmer Aug. 23, 2018 The New York Times)
Tennis star Naomi Osaka reminds another reporter she’s “Haitian-Japanese” & grew up in a Haitian Household.” On Friday, Naomi became the 1st Haitian-Japanese woman to reach a Grand Slam final. She defeats Madison Keys 6-2, 6-4 & will face Serena Williams on Sat at the US Open. pic.twitter.com/6DqsftzZCc
この質疑応答を見た日本人の多くが、この記者の質問が大坂なおみ選手を困惑させたと思って、なお一層多くの批判が殺到したようです。しかし、やり取りがギクシャクした理由は、「Lost in translation」が起きていたせいのようです。英語学習掲示板Lang-8に詳細な説明があったので、特にその部分の英語のトランスクリプトを紹介しておきます。
記者: 海外の報道などで大坂さんの活躍ですとか、存在というのが古い日本人像を見直したり、考え直すきっかけになっているというふうな報道があるんですけれども、ご自身のアイデンティティーを含めてその辺をどのように受け止めていらっしゃるかお考えをお聞かせください。
通訳: Your performance and your victories remind us of an…old style Japanese. How do you think of those comments and what do you think of your own identity?
大坂選手: Wait me… I’m old style Japanese?
通訳: You remind everyone of the old Japanese style.
大坂選手: In tennis?
…
通訳: He wants to know how you feel about that and what you think of your own identity as Japanese.
Naomi Osaka’s US Open win is particularly meaningful for biracial Japanese. (SBS NEWS By Sarah Abo) In Japan, biracial citizens are rare, known as “haafu”. For her part, Osaka is not thinking too much about how her identity is perceived. “For me, I’m just me,” Osaka said on Thursday, when asked whether she represented a ‘new Japan’. “I know the way that I was brought up, people tell me I act kind of Japanese so I guess there is that. “But if you were talking about my tennis, I think my tennis is not very Japanese.”
Naomi Osaka’s U.S. Open win re-opens identity debate in Japan (THE ASSOCIATED PRESS / asahi.com September 14, 2018 at 18:25 JST) For me, it’s just who I am,” she said. “When someone asks me a question like that, it really throws me off because then I really have to think about it. I don’t know. I don’t really think that I’m three separate–like mixes of whatever. I just think that I’m me. Osaka said people tell her that she acts “kind of Japanese.” But she added: “I think my tennis is not very Japanese.”
However, soon after her win, plenty of her own compatriots began questioning whether the rest of the dyaspora could celebrate this win as our own. Those unsettled by our selebrasyons for Naomi repeatedly asked how could we feel comfortable claiming her as our own when it was Japan, and not Haiti, who had gotten her to this moment.
She was not ours. We did not invest in her. Haitians, once again, were acting sans souci, shamelessly bragging about a win that is not even ours.
In the face of these words of shame, we have to re-examine exactly what does it mean to be Haitian, because clearly, we forget that our very own Emeline Michel reminds us that our flag lies under our skin, wherever we go. （Naomi Osaka: Who Gets to be Haitian? by VALERIE JEAN CHARLES, woymagazine.com 20180910）
19-Year-Old Haitian Japanese Tennis Star, Naomi Osaka, Defeats U.S. Open Champ (Comments discuss her race and racial dynamics, is she or isn’t she black etc) (reddit.com)
The 28th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony (2018)
イグノーベル賞の授賞理由
MEDICAL EDUCATION PRIZE [JAPAN] — Akira Horiuchi, for the medical report “Colonoscopy in the Sitting Position: Lessons Learned From Self-Colonoscopy.”
REFERENCE: “Colonoscopy in the Sitting Position: Lessons Learned From Self-Colonoscopy by Using a Small-Caliber, Variable-Stiffness Colonoscope,” Akira Horiuchi and Yoshiko Nakayama, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 63, No. 1, 2006, pp. 119-20.（improbable.com）
イグノーベル賞とは
イグノーベル賞（Ig Nobel Prize）は、「人々を笑わせ、そして考えさせてくれる研究」に対して与えられるもので、1991年に創設されました。通常のノーベル賞とは異なり、内容がどれだけ面白いかも重要視されます。
How to Write a Research Statement (Stony Brook University 2012/09/21 に公開 YOUTUBE Michael Hadjiargyrou How to Write a Research Statement April 11, 2012)
Their most recent find: a 41-gigabyte file that contains a staggering 1.4 billion username and password combinations.
The usernames and passwords have been collected from a number of different sources. 4iQ’s screenshot shows dumps from Netflix, Last.FM, LinkedIn, MySpace, dating site Zoosk, adult website YouPorn, as well as popular games like Minecraft and Runescape. (Dec 11, 2017, 02:45pm
File With 1.4 Billion Hacked And Leaked Passwords Found On The Dark Web. Lee Mathews)
While scanning the deep and dark web for stolen, leaked or lost data, 4iQ discovered a single file with a database of 1.4 billion clear text credentials — the largest aggregate database found in the dark web to date.
The 41GB dump was found on 5th December 2017 in an underground community forum. The database was recently updated with the last set of data inserted on 11/29/2017. The total amount of credentials (usernames/clear text password pairs) is 1,400,553,869.
We’ve found that although the majority of these breaches are known within the Breach and Hacker community, 14% of exposed username/passwords pairs had not previously been decrypted by the community and are now available in clear text. (Julio Casal Dec 9, 2017 medium.com 1.4 Billion Clear Text Credentials Discovered in a Single Database)
One list, known as the “Anti Public Combo List“, contains 457,962,538 distinct email addresses, and although HIBP creator Troy Hunt, who first reported the discovery of the lists last Friday, has so far been unable to trace the source of the data, he believes it comes from multiple breaches rather than a single event. (Breach site finds 1 billion accounts in hacked datasets. Dale Walker. 9 May, 2017)
On Friday, Twitter user Chris Vickery teased world plus dog that he was going public on Monday with news of a massive data breach of 1.37 billion records. And that turned out to be as many as 1.37 billion contact details amassed by River City Media (RCM) – an internet marketing biz apparently based in Jackson, Wyoming, that claims to emit up to a billion emails a day.
The 200GB table includes real names, email addresses, IP addresses, and “often” physical addresses, it is claimed. Vickery said he “stumbled upon a suspicious, yet publicly exposed, collection of files,” and discovered the database and documents related to RCM. Among the millions and millions of contact details were chat logs and files exposing the sprawling RCM empire. It turns out the spamming, er, marketing biz has many tentacles and affiliates, mostly acting as web service providers and advertising operations. (That big scary 1.4bn leak was 100s of millions of email, postal addresses. Spammers, shockingly, hoard contact details on millions of netizens By John Leyden 7 Mar 2017 at 03:15 The Register)
I get a lot of requests from people for data from Have I been pwned (HIBP) that they can analyse. Now obviously, there are a bunch of people up to no good requesting the data but equally, there are many others who just want to run statistics. Regardless, the answer has always been “no”, I’m not going to redistribute data to you. In fact, the requests were happening so frequently that I even wrote the blog post No, I cannot share data breaches with you.
However, as part of HIBP’s 3rd birthday celebrations, I am going to share data with you, quite a lot of it. In fact, I’m opening up almost all the data in HIBP with a few very important caveats: (Here’s 1.4 billion records from Have I been pwned for you to analyse. 06 DECEMBER 2016 troyhunt.com
A Russian group has hacked 1.2 billion usernames and passwords belonging to more than 500 million email addresses, according to Hold Security – a US firm specialising in discovering breaches. Hold Security described the hack as the “largest data breach known to date”. It claimed the stolen information came from more than 420,000 websites, including “many leaders in virtually all industries across the world”. (Russia gang hacks 1.2 billion usernames and passwords (BBC 6 August 2014)
They took the personal and financial details of customers who made, or changed, bookings on ba.com or its app during that time. Names, email addresses and credit card information were stolen – including card numbers, expiration dates and the three digit CVC code required to authorise payments. Around 380,000 transactions were affected. (The British Airways hack is impressively bad. WIRED By MATT BURGESS Friday 7 September 2018)
地元メディアの北海道テレビ放送（HTB）の失態が非難を浴びている。HTBはテレビ朝日系列の地方局だが、地震報道にあたっていたスタッフ2名が6日に札幌市清田区で取材中、誤って液状化した泥に足を取られ身動きが取れなくなり、消防に救助される事態になったという。 産経新聞9月11日付記事によると、消防に救助されたのはHTBの女子アナウンサーと男性記者で、泥にはまったのは正午前、助け出されたのは17時半ごろだったという。(テレ朝系列局女子アナ、北海道地震取材で泥にはまり「6時間も消防を独占」で批判殺到 2018.09.11 Business Journal)
ビオール氏は、「ハゲタカ（悪徳）オープンアクセス出版」に対抗する活動で有名です。これは同氏が2010年に考え出した造語です。同年、彼は最初の悪徳学術誌リストを出版しました。そこに含まれていたのは20誌未満でしたが、その後このリストは増え続け、今では包括的な「ビオールのハゲタカ出版社リスト」（Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers）として知られています。（「『ハゲタカ出版社』は、あらゆる手を使ってまともな出版社のふりをします」Editage Insights 2015年7月24日 ）
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International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology（IJACT）というコンピュータ科学分野のオープンアクセス（OA）雑誌が、“Get me off Your Fucking Mailing List”と題し、本文にも同じ内容が繰り返されているだけの論文を受理したことが、米コロラド大学デンバー校図書館のJeffrey Beall氏のブログで報じられています。（「そのメーリングリストから私を外せ」と繰り返し書かれているだけの論文が受理される Current Awareness Portal 2014年11月25日）
VIDEO: Authors beware: Avoid falling prey to predatory journals and bogus conferences (Interview with Dr. Anne Woods & Shawn Kennedy. Editage)
MDPIはハゲタカか？
どの雑誌がハゲタカジャーナルでどの雑誌はそうではないのかがわかればいいのですが、時としてどっちか悩むジャーナルも存在します。みんなを悩ませているのがMDPI社の雑誌。商売上手で取り入るのが上手いので、いつの間にか認知されてしまっています。Web of ScienceやPubmedにも収載されており（一部とはいえ）、インパクトファクターもそこそこある雑誌もあるので、もはやハゲタカじゃね？などとは言えなくなっています。しかし、Beallさんのハゲタカジャーナルリストには過去には載っていたようです。MDPIの激しい抗議の結果リストから除外されたという経緯があります。
(スポニチアネックス
