Multiple sclerosis (Mayo Clinic) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Multiple sclerosis (medscape.com) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the central nervous system, destroying the myelin and the axon in variable degrees and producing significant physical disability within 20–25 years in more than 30% of patients.
Multiple sclerosis (EyeWiki) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results from the immune-mediated inflammation and demyelination of axons.
Multiple Sclerosis (Moavia Ehsan; Kathryn L. Xixis. Last Update: March 6, 2019.) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, and neuronal loss.
Multiple Sclerosis(MS)(MSD MANUAL Professional Version By Michael C. Levin , MD, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by disseminated patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Common symptoms include visual and oculomotor abnormalities, paresthesias, weakness, spasticity, urinary dysfunction, and mild cognitive symptoms.
4 Possible Causes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)(healthline.com Medically reviewed by Seunggu Han, MD on February 22, 2019 — Written by Laura A. Magnifico and Cathie Ericson) Cause 1: Immune system Cause 2: Genetics Cause 3: Environment Cause 4: Infection
Suspected Causes Of Multiple Sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis PATHOLOGY WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica LAST UPDATED: Apr 16, 2019 See Article History) The cause of MS remains unclear, but in many cases there is evidence of a genetic component.
Review of Two Popular Eating Plans within the Multiple Sclerosis Community: Low Saturated Fat and Modified Paleolithic (Nutrients 2019, 11(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020352) The precise etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown but epidemiologic evidence suggests this immune-mediated, neurodegenerative condition is the result of a complex interaction between genes and lifetime environmental exposures.
Depilatory is a cosmetic preparation used to remove hair from the skin on the human body. Currently, common active ingredients are calcium thioglycolate or potassium thioglycolate, which breaks down the disulfide bonds in keratin and weakens the hair so that it is easily scraped off where it emerges from the hair follicle. (A SHORT COMMUNICATION ON FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DEPILATORIES. International Journal of Pharmacy Review & Research Vol 3|Issue 2| 2013 |71-73. PDF 3 pages)
depilatory:脱毛剤、除毛剤
The bases also break the S-H bond on thioglycolate’s thiol group. Once thioglycolate’s proton leaves, its sulfur atom is free to attack the hair protein’s disulfide bonds. Break enough of those, and the hair degrades completely and can simply be wiped away. (How Hair Removers Get Rid of Unwanted Fuzz Creams. July 06, 2018 inchemistry.acs.org)
The main side effect of hair removal products is the unpleasant smell, caused by sulfur in the thioglycolate chemical. (Calcium Thioglycolate Side Effects SHELLEY MOORE livestrong.com)
The kinetics of disulfide bond reduction in hair by ammonium thioglycolate and dithiodiglycolic acid. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 47, 49-58 (January/February 1996)(PDF)
“When I lost my .tex file to the Principia, I was devastated. Mathpix helped me effortlessly use equations from the Principia in my new work. I now have more time to stand beneath trees and get hit by apples.” (Isaac Newton)
Rapunzel is the protagonist of Disney’s 2010 animated feature film, Tangled. (fandom.com)
Eugene Fitzherbert (better known as Flynn Rider) is the deuteragonist of Disney’s 2010 animated feature film, Tangled. (fandom.com)
Mufasa is a major character in Disney’s 1994 animated feature film, The Lion King. He was the king of the Pride Lands and the father of Simba. (fandom.com)
Sir Tow Mater, KBE, most commonly referred to as Tow Mater or simply Mater, is one of the main characters in Cars and its sequels, Cars 2 and Cars 3 as well as Cars Toons. (Wikipedia)
Monty “Lightning” McQueen, typically referred to by his surname McQueen, is an anthropomorphic stock car in the animated Pixar film Cars (2006), its sequels Cars 2 (2011), Cars 3 (2017), and TV shorts known as Cars Toons. (Wikipedia)
Princess Anna of Arendelle (pronounced Ah-na) is the protagonist of Disney’s 2013 animated feature film Frozen. (fandom.com)
Live and In Color How to track RNA in living cells (SARAH WEBB Apr 1, 2012 TheScientist) “The original technique for tracking RNA inside living cells, developed about 15 years ago, uses GFP as the fluorescent reporter molecule. Previously, researchers had used the coat protein from the MS2 bacteriophage, which binds to a defined 19-nucleotide sequence of RNA, as a way to capture RNA and RNA-binding proteins. By fusing GFP to this MS2 protein, Robert Singer and his colleagues at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, New York, first demonstrated that they could follow RNA as it migrated within cells (Molecular Cell, 2:437-45, 1998).”
MS2タグ法およびmRNA可視化方法のレビュー論文
細胞内mRNAの選択的蛍光標識とイメージングによる細胞機能解析 (ライブイメージングを利用した細胞・生体の機能解析 東京大学 大学院薬学系研究科 生体分析化学教室 船津高志 Drug Delivery System 31―2, 2016) 特定の配列を持ったRNAと、それに結合する蛍光性タンパク質を同時に発現させる方法である。最も多用されているのはバクテリオファージMS2のコートタンパク質である(図1D)9)。このコートタンパク質が結合する配列を持ったmRNAを細胞内で発現させる。一方、MS2コートタンパク質とGFP(Green fluorescent protein)との融合タンパク質(MS2―GFP)も同時に細胞内に発現させる。細胞質において mRNAを観察する場合には、mRNAに結合していないMS2―GFP が背景光として観察の妨げにならないよう核移行シグナルを付加しておき、これが核に集まるようにしておく。また、1分子の mRNA が明瞭に観察できるように、MS2コートタンパク質の配列を24回繰り返したものを標的mRNAに付与することが行われている。この場合、最大48個のGFP がmRNAに結合できる。
Current techniques for visualizing RNA in cells. Lilith V.J.C. Mannack, Sebastian Eising and Andrea Rentmeistera. Version 1. F1000Res. 2016; 5: F1000 Faculty Rev-775. “A number of bacteriophage-derived RNA-binding proteins have been used to mark RNA in cells. The most notable of these is the MS2-MS2 coat protein (MS2-MCP) system (Figure 2A). This comprises a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused version of the bacteriophage MCP (an RNA-binding protein that recognizes a specific RNA sequence-determined hairpin) and the RNA of interest extended by multiple MS2-binding sites (MBS).”
Fluorescent Probes for Nucleic Acid Visualization in Fixed and Live Cells.(Full text at Researchgate) Boutorine et al., Molecules 2013, 18, 15357-15397. “Two engineered plasmids are expressed in the living cells. The first one codes for the green fluorescent protein fused with the RNA-binding protein from the MS2 bacteriophage. The second one codes for the reporter RNA that contains in its 3′-untranslated region several copies of a unique hairpin fragment from the MS2 genome that interacts with the MS2 RNA-binding protein.”
MS2タグの開発および応用に関する原著論文
生細胞におけるリアルタイムでの1分子のmRNAからの翻訳のダイナミクスの可視化および定量 (森崎達也・Timothy J. Stasevich 2016 ライフサイエンス新着論文レビュー)
Localization of ASH1 mRNA Particles in Living Yeast. Edouard Bertrand, Pascal Chartrand, Matthias Schaefer, Shailesh M. Shenoy, Robert H. Singer, Roy M. Long. Molecular Cell Oct 01, 1998;2(4):437-445. “We constructed a two-plasmid system in yeast. On one plasmid, the GFP sequence was fused to coding sequences for the single-stranded RNA phage capsid protein MS2 (Fouts et al. 1997). On the second plasmid, six MS2-binding sites, each consisting of a 19-nucleotide RNA stem loop (Valegard et al. 1997) were inserted into a reporter mRNA (Figure 1A), to provide increased signal from multiple bound GFPs. “
Nobel laureate Tasuku Honjo says Osaka pharmaceutical firm short-changed him for cancer drug (APR 11, 2019 KYODO / Japan Times) Honjo and his lawyer told reporters that he refused to accept the company’s offer of about ¥2.6 billion, and instead forwarded the funds to the Legal Affairs Bureau, because he believes the company shortchanged him by giving him an inadequate explanation about his compensation when they signed the agreement in 2006.
Case 1:15-cv-13443-MLW Document 1 Filed 09/25/15 DANA-FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE, INC., Plaintiff, v. ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.,TASUKU HONJO, E.R. SQUIBB & SONS,L.L.C., and BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB CO., Defendants.