Regardless, the ultimate publication of a review is an important addition to a Curriculum Vitae, and gives evidence that the author has achieved a noteworthy level of recognition from her/his scientific peers. Such evidence is considered at the time of review for Promotion and Tenure: a Curriculum Vitae with ‘only’ original research articles is not quite as impressive as one with a selection of reviews in key journals (it can be overdone). （The impact of review articles Catherine M Ketcham & James M Crawford Laboratory Investigation volume 87, pages1174–1185 (2007)）
裁判所が言っていることは少し分かりにくいですが、意訳すると、 ① 助教はキャリアパスであって、ずっといる職位ではない、 ② 若手を登用するために、ポストの空きを作る必要がある、 ③ ポストに空きを作ることと任期制は馴染みやすい、 ④ 業績が挙がらず昇任できなければ去るという厳格なルールも仕方ない、 ということなのだと思います。（雇止めを争いにくい職業類型－大学助教 2020-06-30 弁護士 師子角允彬のブログ）
2010年10月25日～30日に開催されたJoint MSJ RIMS Conference:The 3rd Seasonal Institute of the Mathematical Society of Japan. “Development of Galois Teichmuller Theory and Anabelian Geometry””において、10月29日10時～11時の1時間の講演で、望月新一氏が宇宙際タイヒミュラー理論の概要を発表しました。
October 29 Friday 10:0011:00
S. Mochizuki:
Inter-universal Teichmüller Theory: A Progress Report
Abstract: The analogy between number fields and function fields of curves (e.g., hyperbolic curves) over finite fields is quite classical. In the present talk, we survey work in progress concerning a theory developed by the lecturer during the last decade — in the spirit of this analogy — whose goal is to construct an analogue for number fields “equipped with an elliptic curve” of the p-adic Teichmüller theory developed by the lecturer during the early 1990’s for hyperbolic curves over a finite field “equipped with a nilpotent ordinary indigenous bundle”. From an even more classical point of view, one may think of this theory as a sort of analogue for number fields of classical complex Teichmüller theory, in which canonical deformations of the holomorphic structure of a hyperbolic Riemann surface of finite type are constructed by dilating one of the two underlying real dimensions of the Riemann surface, while leaving the other dimension fixed (i.e., “undeformed”). In the case of number fields equipped with an elliptic curve, one thinks of the ring structure of the number field as a sort of “arithmetic holomorphic structure”. One then constructs canonical deformations of this arithmetic holomorphic structure — i.e., analogues of the canonical liftings of p-adic Teichmüller theory — by applying the general theory of Frobenioids, as well as the theory of the Frobenioid-theoretic theta function (developed in earlier papers by the lecturer). At a more concrete level, if one thinks of the ring structure (i.e., “arithmetic holomorphic structure”) of the given number field as consisting of “two underlying combinatorial dimensions” corresponding to addition and multiplication, then working with Frobenioids corresponds, roughly speaking, to performing operations with the multiplicative monoids involved (i.e., multiplicative portions of the rings involved) — in a fashion motivated by the theory of log structures; in particular, such operations are not necessarily compatible with the additive portions of the ring structures involved. Alternatively, if one thinks of the ring structure (i.e., “arithmetic holomorphic structure”) of the various local fields that arise as localizations of the given number field as consisting of “two underlying combinatorial dimensions” corresponding to the group of units and the value group, then one may think of these canonical deformations of the arithmetic holomorphic structure as deformations in which the value groups are (canonically!) dilated — by means of the theta function — while the units are left undeformed. Since such “arithmetic Teichmüller dilations” are manifestly incompatible with the ring structure of the given number field, it follows that they are not compatible, in general, with various classical scheme-theoretic constructions performed over the number field which depend on this ring structure. In particular, these arithmetic Teichmüller dilations fail to be compatible with the various basepoints of arithmetic fundamental groups involved (e.g., Galois groups) which are defined by considering scheme-theoretic geometric points. The resulting incompatibility of (conventional scheme-theoretic) basepoints on either side of the “arithmetic Teichmüller dilation” gives rise to numerous indeterminacies; these indeterminacies lead naturally to the introduction of tools from anabelian geometry. It is this fundamental aspect of the theory that is referred to by the term “inter-universal”. The (expected) main theorem of inter-universal Teichmüller theory consists of a fairly explicit computation, up to certain relatively mild indetermacies, of the “arithmetic Teichmüller deformations of a number field equipped with an elliptic curve” discussed above by applying various results obtained in previous papers by the lecturer concerning local and global absolute anabelian geometry, tempered anabelian geometry, and the étale theta function. This passage from the Frobenioid-theoretic definition of the arithmetic deformations involved to a more explicit Galois-theoretic description may be thought of as a sort of global arithmetic analogue of the classical computation of the Gaussian integral (i.e., R ∞ −∞ e −x 2 dx) by means of the passage from cartesian to polar coordinates. Inequalities of interest in diophantine geometry may then be obtained as (expected) corollaries of this (expected) main theorem.
Titans of Mathematics Clash Over Epic Proof of ABC Conjecture Two mathematicians have found what they say is a hole at the heart of a proof that has convulsed the mathematics community for nearly six years. Erica Klarreich Contributing Correspondent September 20, 2018 quantamagazine.org
加藤文元氏による一般向け講演が2017年10月にMATH POWER 2017のイベントで行われましたが、その講演内容が書籍化されました。宇宙際タイヒミュラー理論とは、自然数の足し算と掛け算からなる「環」と呼ばれる構造の数学的対象に対して、本来強固な関係にある足し算と掛け算という２つの自由度を引き離して解体し、両者の定性的な性質を緩い不定性を許して復元するものだそうです。
望月新一氏の宇宙際タイヒミュラー理論に関する論文は、自身が所属する京都大学数理解析研究所が発行していて、自分自身がチーフエディターを務めている「Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences (RIMS)」というジャーナルに受理されました。
Inter-universal Teichmuller Theory I: Construction of Hodge Theaters. PDF
Inter-universal Teichmuller Theory II: Hodge-Arakelov-theoretic Evaluation. PDF
Inter-universal Teichmuller Theory III: Canonical Splittings of the Log-theta-lattice. PDF
Inter-universal Teichmuller Theory IV: Log-volume Computations and Set-theoretic Foundations. PDF
After an eight-year struggle, Shinichi Mochizuki has finally gotten his 600-page proof of the abc conjecture accepted in a peer-reviewed journal. But some experts are still unconvinced.
Photo credit: Kyoto Universityhttps://t.co/vUQw5sfQu3pic.twitter.com/0zlHJgovae
— Davide Castelvecchi (@dcastelvecchi) April 3, 2020
Unfortunately, it has been brought to my attention that, despite the developments discussed in §1.1, fundamental misunderstandings concerning the mathematical content of inter-universal Teichmuller theory persist in certain sectors of the mathematical community. These misunderstandings center around a certain oversimplification — which is patently flawed, i.e., leads to an immediate contradiction — of inter-universal Teichmuller theory. This oversimplified version of interuniversal Teichmuller theory is based on assertions of redundancy concerning various multiple copies of certain mathematical objects that appear in interuniversal Teichmuller theory.
下のブログ(Peter Woit氏のNot Even Wrong)では、望月氏の論文に関してはPeter Scholze氏とJacob Stix氏が欠陥を指摘しており、それに対して適切な説明が望月氏からも論文を掲載したジャーナルエディターからもなされていないので、「ABC予想は証明されていない」というのが現在の数学界の認識であると説明しています。
In case the documentary doesn’t make this clear, the current consensus of experts in the field is that there is no proof. Peter Scholze and Jacob Stix identified a problem with Mochizuki’s proof in 2018 (discussed in detail by Scholze and othershere), and Mochizuki has not provided a convincing answer to their objections. No one else (including the journal editors who published the proof in PRIMS) has been able to provide a clear explanation of theproblematic part of the proof.
Taylor Dupuy is stillmaking implausible claimsthat Scholze’s criticism of the proof is invalid. To judge for yourself, seeherea long detailed discussion of the issue between them involving several other experts.
（引用元：ABC on NHK Posted on April 9, 2022 by woit）太字強調は当サイト
ABC conjecture Proof “Why is Shinichi Mochizuki’s proof on the conjecture still not accepted? It has been 6 years, surely there must be some approval or disapproval regarding his proof?”
ウエスタンブロッティング(Western blotting)(ウエスタンブロット法(Western blot analysis)とも呼ばれる）は、タンパク質のサンプルをSDSポリアクリルアミドゲルで電気泳動した後(SDS-PAGE;SDS Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)、ゲル内で分子量に応じて分けられたタンパク質をメンブレンにブロットし（電圧をかけてタンパク質をゲルから出てこさせて、ゲルに密着させたメンブレン上に吸着させる）、その後、メンブレン上のタンパク質を特定の抗体を用いて検出する解析手段です。試料の中に、目的とするタンパク質が存在するかどうかを調べる目的で行われます。ラボ内の会話では、ウエスタンブロット、あるいは単にウエスタンと呼ばれることが多いです。また、イムノブロット(immunoblot)と呼ばれることもあります。
ウエスタンブロットのウェスタンという名前はどこから来たのでしょうか。これは非常に有名な話なので、ラボに入った学生は先輩から最初に聞く小話だと思います。エドウィン・サザン（Sir Edwin Mellor Southern)という人が、DNAをゲル電気泳動で分離してからメンブレンにブロットし、特定のDNAを検出する実験法を考案して、それがサザンブロットと名付けられました。DNAが南なら、RNAは北で、タンパク質は西となったのです。
With due respect to Southern (l), the established tradition of “geographic” naming of trans-fer techniques (“Southern,” “Northern”) is continued; the method described in this manuscript is referred to as “Western” blotting. (W.NealBurnetteAnalytical Biochemistry, April 1981;112(2):195-203)
東と西がまだ空いていたのになぜ西になったのかというと、ウェスタンブロット法を編み出したBurnetteが当時いたNowinski ラボはFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center内にあり、その場所はワシントン州の都市シアトル、つまり西海岸にある都市だったからだそうです。
DNA blotting was called Southern blotting after its inventor, Edwin Southern at Oxford University. RNA blotting, developed in 1977, was called “Northern blotting” by James Alwine, David Kemp and George Stark at Stanford University as a play on Southern blotting. During a quick chat, Nowinski and Burnette decided to continue the directional joke. They dubbed Burnette’s method “Western blotting” simply because the laboratory was located on the West Coast. (The man behind the Western blot: W. Neal Burnette ASBMBTODAY)
There are people who strongly believe that we should always write Western blot, and there are also people who strongly believe that the term should be written as western blot except at the beginning of a sentence.
Journals don’t specify how you should write this in their author guidelines. I browsed some recent papers in a few journals:Nature Communications,Scientific Reports,Science Advances, andPLOS Biology. They have all published papers where authors write Western blot and those where authors write western blot. So either way is allowed by journals.
Because Southern is capitalized, some people argue that western blot should follow the same convention, so western should always becapitalized. If not, the word western means a geographic direction, which would not make sense here. (The funny thing about writing the term western blot letpub.com) ＊太字強調は当サイト
命名した本人（W.NealBurnette）は、その論文( Analytical Biochemistry, April 1981;112(2):195-203)でどう表記しているかというと、
Compared to the electrophoretic transfer of proteins to DBM paper, Western blotting with unmodified nitrocellulose gives markedly better resolution, is significantly easier to perform, and does not re-quire preequilibration of the gel nor diazoti-zation of the nitrocellulose (R. Eisenman and W. Mason, personal communication).
It must be emphasized that sensitivity in Western blotting is primarily a function of the specific antibody titer of the immune serum being utilized.
A disadvantage of the Western blot from SDS-gels is the tendency of antigenically reactive sites (epitopes) on the fractionated molecules to be irreversibly denatured by the detergent (26,27).
Therefore, when selecting monoclonal antibodies for use in Western blottinganalysis it is necessary to test the SDS sensitivity of the specific epi-topes.
Unlike blotting to diazotized paper (1,2,6), the radiolabeled probes of Western blotting are not readily removed from non-derivatized nitrocellulose for reuse of the replicas with different probes.
The technique of Western blotting should prove valuable for the analysis of proteins fractionated on the basis of molecular weight in SDS gel electrophoresis.
Coupled with antigen de-tection by antibody and IPA, the Western blot is a very sensitive method for visualizing specific proteins in complex antigenic mix-tures.
Do I Capitalize Western Blot? November 25, 2013 advansta.com Many science editing sites online also agree with not capitalizing western blot. However, the CDC page on writing style recommends Western blot, the online Oxford Dictionary gives the following example for use of the term, “The sample could not be confirmed positively by Western blot,” and the Merriam Webster Dictionary recognizes both Western and western blot.
世界最初のウエスタンブロット: ウエスタンブロット法の発明者は誰か
ウエスタンブロット法を発明したのは誰でしょうか？自分が編み出した実験手法をウエスタンブロッティングと名付けたのはW. Neal Burnetteでしたが、その論文はリジェクトを食らってしまい論文発表が遅れているうちに、スイスのHarry Towbinのグループおよびスタンフォード大（アメリカ）のGeorge Stark のグループが、同様の手法に関する報告を1979年に相次いで出しました。Burnetteが論文発表できたのは彼らよりも2年遅れの1981年です。
When Burnette submitted his methodology to Analytical Biochemistry in 1979, it was not very well received and his manuscript was rejected. This was largely due to their distaste for the naming convention. (South, north, east and west-ern: the story of how the western blot came into being 18 JUL 2018 WRITTEN BY ABIGAIL SAWYER BioTechniques)
“Western Blotting”: Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A
Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.
Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure.
polyacrylamide/agarose composite gels, with or without sodium
dodecyl sulfate
タンパク質をメンブレンへ転写する方法
電圧をかける
blotting overnight at room temperature, using 50mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, essentialy as described for DNA transfers by Southern
メンブレンの種類
sheets of pure, unmodified nitrocellulose
Diazobenzyloxymethyl (DBM)-paper
一次抗体
specific antiserum
一次抗体の検出方法
radioiodinated Staphylococcus protein A
125I-labeled
protein A
可視化の方法
autoradiographed, by
using Kodak XR-5 film and a Du Pont Cronex Lightning-plus
XL screen at -700C.
Mukhopadhyay, R. W. Neal Burnette: the man behind the Western blot. ASBMB Today, January 2012:17 – 19.
J Renart, J Reiser, and G R Stark. Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jul; 76(7): 3116–3120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.7.3116
H Towbin, T Staehelin, and J Gordon. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep; 76(9): 4350–4354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350
WESTERN BLOTTING PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE June 21, 2017 azure biosystems: One of the first Western blots. Adapted from Renart J, Reiser J, Stark GR. PNAS, 1979.
The man behind the Western blot: W. Neal Burnette Burnette made his seminal contribution to molecular biology and biochemistry as a postdoc and went on to have an unusual career. Rajendrani Mukhopadhyay By Rajendrani Mukhopadhyay Dec. 29, 2011 ASBMBTODAY https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/people/122911/the-man-behind-the-western-blot-w-neal-burnette
読んでいるだけでは式変形を追うことができないものも非常に多いです。非常に難解な変形でも省略されることが多いからです。このせいで、行の間の式変形、行間と呼ばれるものが生まれます。これも専門書を分かりにくくする原因の一つです。（理系大学生なら身につけたい専門書を読むときの３つのポイント Interesting Study Method）＊太字強調は当サイト
”自明である”という表現は、簡単だとか些細な事柄であるいう意味よりは、（勿論そのままの意味で使われることもありますが）「書くのが面倒なのでサボる」とかいった意味に使われていることが多いように思います。”よく知られている”とか”示すことができる”とかも同様です。（Book Guide: IndexMasahito Yamazaki, a physicist/mathematician）＊太字強調は当サイト
R. Shankar Fundamentals of Physics I: Mechanics, Relativity, and Thermodynamics; Fundamentals of Physics II: Electromagnetism, Optics, and Quantum Mechanics (The Open Yale Courses Series) Fundamentals of Physics II: Electromagnetism, Optics, and Quantum Mechanics (The Open Yale Courses Series)
ゴールドスタイン（Herbert Goldstein）, John Safko, Charles Poole 古典力学〈上〉 (物理学叢書) 原著第3版 2006/7/1 吉岡書店; Classical Mechanics: Pearson New International Edition 2013/8/5
缶詰めのように、 食品の品質を保護するプラスチック袋のレトルト食品は、１９４０年代に アメリカで開発され、その後１９５５年にはスウェーデンで商業的に規格化されました。 １９６８年にわが国では、レトルトパウチに詰められたカレーが商品化され、食生活に大いに役立ってきました。（食品用プラスチック容器包装の利点 日本プラスチック工業連盟 THE JAPAN PLASTICS INDUSTRY FEDERATION）
Credit:NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2014/01/3277-Image.html
