「新種トップ10」は、米ニューヨーク州立大の国際生物種探査研究所(State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF))が毎年選び、分類学の父と呼ばれる植物学者リンネの誕生日5月23日に合わせて発表しているものです。
ESF: Top 10 New Species for 2015
Pufferfish: ‘Crop Circles’ under the Sea Torquigener albomaculosus Location: Japan
How it made the Top 10: Scientists recently solved a 20-year-old mystery under the sea and discovered a new fish. Intricate circles with geometric designs about six feet (2 meters) in diameter, found on the seafloor off the coast of Amami-Ōshima Island, were as weird and unexplained as crop circles. They turn out to be the work of a new species of pufferfish, Torquigener albomaculosus. Males construct these circles as spawning nests by swimming and wriggling in the seafloor sand. The nests, used only once, are made to attract females. The nests have double edges and radiating troughs in a spoke-like geometry. The design isn’t just for show. Scientists discovered the ridges and grooves of the circle serve to minimize ocean current at the center of the nest. This protects the eggs from the turbulent waters and possibly predators too. Yoji Okata, an underwater photographer, first observed the artistic behavior. Subsequently, a team of ichthyologists and a television crew carried out an expedition to record the phenomenon.
Japanese Pufferfish Masterpiece – BBC Life story David Attenborough (7分17秒)
Attracting attention is an essential part of winning a mate. The world’s oceans are filled with brilliant colours,…all designed to make their wearers conspicuous. Unfortunately this small, Japanese puffer fish is dull,…almost to the point of invisibility but to compensate,…he is probably nature’s greatest artist. To grab a female’s attention, he creates …something that almost defies belief. His only tools are his fins. In his head, a plan of mathematical perfection. He ploughs the sand, breaking it up into the finest of particles. These shells aren’t just rubbish to be removed,…he uses them to decorate the bridges of his construction. He can’t rest for more than a moment, but must work 24 hours…a day for a week, or the current will destroy his creation. A final tidy up and his masterpiece is complete. Nowhere else in nature does an animal construct something…as complex and perfect as this. If this doesn’t get him noticed, nothing will. Now it’s ready for inspection. A female, swollen with eggs. To make sure she gets the best view, he encourages her into the centre. Inspection over,…she withdraws to await the final stage of the process. By the next morning all the softest sand is now in the middle. The centre of the arena has been flattened. Right on cue here she is. This is what she wanted. It’s a perfect bed for her eggs. The male now grasps her cheek and then fertilises her miniscule eggs. And with a quick flick of his fins, he buries them. They carry on like this until she has finished laying. An hour of his rough affection leaves a love bite on her cheek. Finally, she leaves. He stays to fan the eggs until they hatch,…while his extraordinary work of art fades away around him. (転載元Transcript)
ESF: Top 10 New Species for 2015 On the list: agile spider, North American dinosaur and fish that makes circles in the sand (ESF, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 5/21/2015)
See the top 10 new species of 2015 – in pictures (The Guardian 21 May 2015):”A cartwheeling spider and a dinosaur dubbed the ‘chicken from hell’ are among the 10 most amazing creatures chosen by scientists from over 18,000 species new to science in the last year. Find out more on the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry website”
Monkeys May Be Able To Recognize Themselves In A Mirror With Training
Animals which have passed the mirror test are common chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, dolphins, elephants, humans and possibly pigeons. (ScienceDaily 2015-01-12)
Monkeys seem to recognize their reflections (Natue News 09 January 2015): “… “Simply because you’re acting as if you recognize yourself in a mirror doesn’t necessarily mean you’ve achieved self-recognition,” says Gordon Gallup, an evolutionary psychologist at the State University of New York in Albany, who in 1970 was the first to demonstrate mirror self-recognition in captive chimpanzees. …”
James R. Anderson,Gordon G. Gallup Jr. Which Primates Recognize Themselves in Mirrors?Plos Biology. Published: March 01, 2011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.100102: “we conclude that there is no compelling evidence for mirror self-recognition in any non-ape primate species”
Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans B. M. de Waal, and Diana Reiss. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. PNAS September 13, 2006;103(45):17053–17057, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0608062103
Gordon G. Gallup, Jr. Chimpanzees:self-recognition. Science Jan.2,1970;167(3914):86-87.(http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/sites/default/files/pdf/class_text_023.pdf):”After prolonged exposure to their reflected images in mirrors, chimpanzees marked with red dye showed evidence of being able to recognize their own reflections. Monkeys did not appear to have this capacity.”
ダンゴムシの意思決定 Decision-making in pill bugs The 27th Annual Conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, 2013 (PDF link):ダンゴムシの交替性転向反応は,BALM 以外にも走触性(Hughes, 1989)や記憶(Kupfermann, 1966)など,複数の機構が並列的に作用して実現されている可能性が高く(右田・森山, 2005),これらを統合して転向方向を選択する意思決定機構の存在が予想される.著者らは,ダンゴムシ個体にT字路を連続して遭遇させた実験(Moriyama, 1999)でしばしば観察された,転向方向の変更(図1)は,ダンゴムシの意思決定が顕著に反映された現象なのではないかと考えている.転向方向の変更は,個体がT字路において転向した後,次のT字路へ達するまでに停止し,後進で直前のT字路へ引き返し,前回の転向とは逆の方向へ転向することで達成される(図1).後進を含むこの一連の行動はBLAMでは説明できないため,転向方向の変更は別の機構の働きによって現れると考えられる.
R. N. HUGHES. Mechanisms for turn alternation in woodlice (Poreellio Beaber): The role of bilaterally asymmetrical leg movements. Animal Learning & Behavior.1985, 13 (3), 253-260 (PDFリンク):Along with results of the other experiments, this result in particular supported an explanation for woodlouse alternation based on bilaterally asymmetrical leg movements (BALM)arising from the negotiation of forced turns. Such asymmetry is seen as biasing an animal to turn in the opposite direction to a preceding forced turn.
R. N. HUGHES. TURN ALTERNATION IN WOODLICE (PORCELLIO SCABER). Anim. Behav ., 1967, 15, 282-286 (PDFリンク):As the persistence of the tendency seems to depend on time, it might be rewarding to seek a neural controlling mechanism involving the establishment of a short-term memory trace somewhere in the central nervous system (as suggested by Kuferman, 1966), or else, at a more peripherallevel, greater inhibition of neural components of the limbs adjacent to the outer wall of a maze turn i.e. the limbs that have to `walk further’ .
In sex-reversed cave insects, females have the penises (ScienceDaily April 17, 2014): “Although sex-role reversal has been identified in several different animals, Neotrogla is the only example in which the intromittent organ is also reversed,” says Kazunori Yoshizawa from Hokkaido University in Japan.
Lienhard, C., Do Carmo, T.O., and Ferreira, R.L. A new genus of Sensitibillini from Brazilian caves (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Prionoglarididae). Rev. Suisse Zool.. 2010; 117: 611–635
In weird Brazilian cave insects, male-female sex organs reversed (Reuters Thu Apr 17, 2014 12:09pm EDT): “Evolution of novelties like a female penis is exceptionally rare. That’s why I was really surprised to see the structure,” entomologist Kazunori Yoshizawa of Japan’s Hokkaido University said by email. Yoshizawa said that although sex-role reversal has been documented in several different types of animals, these insects are the sole example in which the “intromittent organ” – the male sex organ – is reversed, Yoshizawa said.