2016年10月4日に2016年度のノーベル物理学賞授賞者が発表されました。授与されるのは、物性理論の研究者デビッド・J・サウレス （David J. Thouless）氏、F・ダンカン・M・ハルデン（F. Duncan M. Haldane）氏、J・マイケル・コステリッツ（J. Michael Kosterlitz）氏の3名です。
参考
Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 (nobbelprize.org 4 October 2016) The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 with one half to David J. Thouless (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA) and the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane (Princeton University, NJ, USA) and J. Michael Kosterlitz (Brown University, Providence, RI, USA) for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.
Ichimura, Y., Kirisako T., Takao, T., Satomi, Y., Shimonishi, Y., Ishihara, N., Mizushima, N., Tanida, I., Kominami, E., Ohsumi, M., Noda, T. and Ohsumi, Y. (2000). A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation.Nature, 408, 488-492
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研究内容
Yoshinori Ohsumi The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 (Nobelprize.org Press Release 2016-10-03):”The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy.”
Yoshinori Ohsumi of Japan Wins Nobel Prize for Study of ‘Self-Eating’ Cells (The New York Times OCT. 3, 2016, By GINA KOLATA and SEWELL CHAN):”… But his Ph.D. thesis was unimpressive, and he could not find a job. His adviser suggested a postdoctoral position at Rockefeller University in New York, where he was to study in vitro fertilization in mice.“I grew very frustrated,” he told the Journal of Cell Biology in 2012. He switched to studying the duplication of DNA in yeast. That work led him to a junior professor position at the University of Tokyo where he picked up a microscope and started peering at sacks in yeast where cell components are degraded — work that eventually brought him, at age 43, to the discoveries that the Nobel Assembly recognized on Monday….”
Medicine Nobel for research on how cells ‘eat themselves’ (nature.com Nature News 03 October 2016 Corrected:07 October 2016by Richard Van Noorden & Heidi Ledford):”Others have made key contributions to the field, and were considered to be contenders for a share of a Nobel. Biochemist Michael Thumm of the University Medical Center Göttingen in Germany, for example, also discovered autophagy genes, as did cell biologist Daniel Klionsky of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.“If they’re going to give it to just one, Ohsumi’s the one,” says Hall. “But it also would have been good to include other people.””
Nobel honors discoveries on how cells eat themselves (Science News Oct. 3, 2016 , 6:00 AM By Science News Staff):””I think Ohsumi is the right person” to win the Nobel, says David Rubinsztein, who studies the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases at the University of Cambridge Institute for Medical Research in the United Kingdom. “While there are many other people who have made important contributions to the field, he is justifiably considered the father of the field,” he says. “His lab was the first to identify yeast genes that regulate autophagy. Those discoveries have allowed us to then understand how autophagy is important in mammalian systems, because the yeast genes are very well conserved.” “Of course, this kind of research is not something only one person can do,” Ohsumi said today, thanking the graduate students, postdocs, and staff who “strove mightily” in his lab for 27 years. (Ohsumi is “a very modest man,” Haucke said at the Berlin meeting.) Some of the follow-up work on mammalian autophagy was done by people who trained in Ohsumi’s lab, such as Tamotsu Yoshimori at Osaka University in Japan and Noboru Mizushima at the University of Tokyo. Both have “really been influential,” Rubinsztein says.”
UC San Diego Chancellor Pradeep Khosla said that Tsien apparently died while on a bike trail, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported (http://bit.ly/2bSZn8Z), but the cause of death had not been determined.(abcnews.go.com)
Announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015
大村智博士の業績に関するレビューアーティクル。
Ivermectin, ‘Wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective Andy CRUMP and Satoshi ŌMURA Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011 Feb 10; 87(2): 13–28. Abstract Discovered in the late-1970s, the pioneering drug ivermectin, a dihydro derivative of avermectin—originating solely from a single microorganism isolated at the Kitasato Intitute, Tokyo, Japan from Japanese soil—has had an immeasurably beneficial impact in improving the lives and welfare of billions of people throughout the world. Originally introduced as a veterinary drug, it kills a wide range of internal and external parasites in commercial livestock and companion animals. It was quickly discovered to be ideal in combating two of the world’s most devastating and disfiguring diseases which have plagued the world’s poor throughout the tropics for centuries. It is now being used free-of-charge as the sole tool in campaigns to eliminate both diseases globally. It has also been used to successfully overcome several other human diseases and new uses for it are continually being found. This paper looks in depth at the events surrounding ivermectin’s passage from being a huge success in Animal Health into its widespread use in humans, a development which has led many to describe it as a “wonder” drug.
‘Beautiful Mind’ mathematician John Nash, wife killed in car crash (CNN May 25, 2015):”John Forbes Nash Jr., the Princeton University mathematician whose life inspired the film “A Beautiful Mind,” and his wife died in a car crash Saturday, according to New Jersey State Police.”
John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a ‘Beautiful Mind,’ Dies at 86 (New York Times, MAY 24, 2015):”John F. Nash Jr., a mathematician who shared a Nobel Prize in 1994 for work that greatly extended the reach and power of modern economic theory and whose long descent into severe mental illness and eventual recovery were the subject of a book and a film, both titled “A Beautiful Mind,” was killed, along with his wife, in a car crash on Saturday in New Jersey. He was 86.”
‘A Beautiful Mind’ mathematician John Nash killed in taxi crash (7online.com):”The Nobel Prize-winning mathematician whose struggle with schizophrenia was chronicled in the 2001 movie “A Beautiful Mind” has died in a taxi crash along with his wife in New Jersey. “
John F. Nash, Jr. and Louis Nirenberg share the Abel Prize (THE ABEL PRIZE):”The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters has decided to award the Abel Prize for 2015 to the American mathematicians John F. Nash, Jr. and Louis Nirenberg “for striking and seminal contributions to the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and its applications to geometric analysis.” The President of the Academy, Kirsti Strøm Bull, announced the new laureates today 25 March. They will receive the Abel Prize from His Majesty King Harald at a ceremony in Oslo on 19 May.”
John F. Nash, Jr. and his wife Alicia killed in car accident (THE ABEL PRIZE):”John F. Nash, Jr., who together with Louis Nirenberg received the Abel Prize on Tuesday 19 May, was killed in a taxi accident on the New Jersey Turnpike on Saturday afternoon local time. Nash (86) and his wife Alicia (82) were on their way home after a week of Abel celebrations in Oslo and Bergen when they were both killed in the car crash.”
利根川研究室ウェブサイト（マサチューセッツ工科大学）：Those who hold Ph.D.’s and share our research interests with enthusiasm are invited to apply for a post-doctoral position by contacting Dr. Susumu Tonegawa.
２０１３年ノーベル化学賞は、計算化学の分野で功績のあったマーティン・カープラス（Martin Karplus）、マイケル・レヴィット（Michael Levitt）、アリー・ワーシェル（Arieh Warshel）の３氏。受賞理由は、 複雑な化学システムに対するマルチスケールモデルの開発に対して（”for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”）。タンパク質のような高分子の動態を計算機で調べる場合に、全ての原子に関して量子力学による記述を行うことは計算量が膨大になりほとんど不可能です。そこで、反応に関与する小さな領域だけに対して量子力学を適用し、残りの大部分は古典力学で記述するという方法を考案しました。これにより計算量を減らしたモデリングが可能になりました。
２０１３年ノーベル化学賞受賞者の発表。
Quick look: 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Announcement
