Introductionで多用される英語表現
分かっていること Known
すでに確立している
It is now well established that developmental decisions can be overridden by artificial induction of combinations of “core” TFs that yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells or direct lineage conversion (Hanna et al., 2010, Morris and Daley, 2013, Orkin and Hochedlinger, 2011, Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006, Vierbuchen and Wernig, 2011). https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00229-3
証拠が増えつつある
Increasing evidence suggests that certain malignant tumors also depend on a cellular hierarchy, with privileged subpopulations driving tumor propagation and growth. https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00229-3
分かっていないこと Unknown
わかっていない・明らかではない
However, despite extensive studies, many components of TLR and other biological networks are unknown, and many genes associated with disease have not been assigned to a function or a pathway. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01270-0
It has been difficult to reconcile some of these opposing data, and it is unclear whether these two effector T cell populations are related to one another or are independent subsets with distinct origins. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)01333-7
While most of the studies have focused on the biology of virus-specific CD8 TRM cells, basic questions regarding CD4 TRM still remain unanswered. For example: Where do these cells come from; What is the cellular origin of CD4 TRM cells; Which environmental signals maintain them into the tissue; and finally, Are CD4 TRM cells able to rapidly respond to a second challenge? 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30831-1
In contrast, mechanistic understanding of dietary modulation of small intestine (SI) physiology, where the majority of dietary exposures and interactions take place remains elusive. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31069-2
ほとんどわかっていない
However, the mechanisms and consequences of these multi-faceted interactions are still poorly understood. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31564-6
Which of the numerous cell subsets in a tumor contribute to the response, how their interactions are regulated, and how they are spatially organized within tumors remain poorly understood (Cardenas et al., 2021; Saltz et al., 2018). 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)00945-4
まだわかっていない・あまりわかっていない
In the nervous system, although multiple families of guidance cues have been found in the last decade, our understanding of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms leading from the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton remains limited (Mueller 1999). 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(01)00530-X
推測の域を出ない
Nevertheless, the true extent of TCR cross-reactivity, and its role in T cell immunity, remains a speculative issue, largely due to the absence of quantitative experimental approaches that could definitively address this question (Mason, 1998, Morris and Allen, 2012, Shih and Allen, 2004, Wilson et al., 2004, Wucherpfennig et al., 2007). 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00476-0
理解が進んでいないこと
However, understanding the precise molecular mechanisms influencing progenitor cells is precluded by limited knowledge of stromal cell identities in the lung. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)30864-4#%20
Mutations that cause TSC are spread over the entire sequences of both TSC1 and TSC2 (26,–29), but mechanistic understanding of the functional consequences is precluded by the lack of biochemical and structural information. 引用元：https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5025687/
論争の的であること
議論がある・決着していない
The extent to which unidirectional differentiation hierarchies underlie tumor heterogeneity remains controversial (Visvader and Lindeman, 2012).
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00229-3
可能性の提唱
This raises the intriguing possibility that sensory neurons targeting distinct peripheral sites may contribute differently to immune responses by engaging in local tissue-specific sensory neuro-immune circuits. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31564-6
仮説の提示
戦略の正しさ
仮説は自然現象の説明に関するものが一般的だと思いますが、論文を書く際に自分たちの研究戦略の正しさを仮説として書くスタイルも見かけることがあります。
We hypothesize that mapping the routes toward tumorigenesis in precursors of MSI-H and MSS CRCs will uncover mechanisms that define the CRC cellular landscape and identify targets with diagnostic or therapeutic utility. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)01381-7
実験モデルを使うことの妥当性
only a subset of such genes is activated in response to a given signal. Thus, a central problem in signal transduction is how this specificity is achieved. 中略 An excellent model for studying this problem is provided by the virus-inducible enhancer of the human interferon-p (IFND) gene (reviewed by Maniatis et al., 1992; Thanos et al., 1993; Tjian and Maniatis, 1994). https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=0092-8674%2895%2990136-1
モデル動物を使うことの妥当性
ショウジョウバエ
Drosophila provides an attractive system to understand the logic of olfactory perception because flies exhibit complex behaviors controlled by an olfactory system that is anatomically and genetically simpler than that of vertebrates. 引用元：https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(03)00004-7
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論文執筆のための英語表現